Racism and Sexism are Ugly Words in Oscar Wildes Play,...

Racism. Sexism. Ugly words with a single common thread—the all too human flaw of judging others based solely on outward appearances. Although this flaw can be found in every culture and era, Victorian England perfected it into an art form. Wealthy, fashionable, powerful and highly hypocritical, appearances were everything. As stated by Gwendolyn Fairfax in the play The Importance of Being Earnest, â€Å"Style, not sincerity, is the vital thing† (783). And it is this play, written by Irish playwright Oscar Wilde, which mocks and exposes the carefully constructed faà §ade of British high society. As with any play, though, The Importance of Being Earnest has two settings: then and now. The challenge for the production team at Ball State University†¦show more content†¦This fade blacks out the superficial appearances of the set. In spotlighting the characters, the audience is left with a lingering impression of the human core, not the style, of the play. It would be easy for an audience after watching this play to think that it, while enjoyable, has little relevance to modern life. In order to curb such a thought, Ball State University’s director, Michael Daehn, decided to cut certain lines in the script. The original three-act script by Oscar Wilde was very much a satire, a social commentary of British high society. While effective during his time, many of the minor issues raised are specific to that era and culture. To make the play more relevant to a twenty-first century American audience, various case-specific lines were excluded such as those said by Lady Bracknell to Jack Worthing in ACT I: Lady Bracknell: â€Å"I am pleased to hear it. I do not approve of anything that tampers with natural ignorance. Ignorance is like a delicate exotic fruit; touch it and the bloom is gone. The whole theory of modern education is radically unsound. Fortunately in England, at any rate, education produces no effect whatsoever. If it did, it would prove a serious danger to the upper classes, and probably lead to acts of violence in Grovesnor Square. What is your income?† (page 769; exclusion in italics) In America, there is no place called

The Classic Slave Narratives Harriet Jacobs, Frederick...

The book The Classic Slave Narratives is a collection of narratives that includes the historical enslavement experiences in the lives of the former slaves Harriet Jacobs, Frederick Douglass, and Olaudah Equiano. They all find ways to advocate for themselves to protect them from some of the horrors of slavery, such as sexual abuse, verbal abuse, imprisonment, beatings, torturing, killings and the nonexistence of civil rights as Americans or rights as human beings. Also, their keen wit and intelligence leads them to their freedom from slavery, and their fight for freedom and justice for all oppressed people. In the autobiographical writings Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Harriet Jacobs’ reflects on the times that her master Dr. Flint†¦show more content†¦Flint’s motives are not to protect Harriet at all, but to protect herself from the humiliation of his attraction to Harriet and keep her from becoming his mistress. She was not able to hide her true feelings about Harriet. Harriet writes, â€Å"I was the object of her jealously, and consequently, of her hatred; and I knew I could not expect kindness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Jacobs, p. 477) Though Harriet is very successful at avoiding Dr. Flint’s sexual abuse, she suffers through his verbal and physical abuse, which includes demeaning sexual comments he makes to her and he reminds her that she is his property and does not have a legal right to disobey his commands; he also slaps her when she disagrees with his proposals or expresses her feelings about anything that he does not agree with. Her next strategic m ove is to consent to a relationship with a white man Mr. Sands, of greater status in the community than Dr. Flint, though it was compromising to her grandmother’s (who she loves and respects dearly) and her own Christian beliefs and morals. This was Harriet’s way of avoiding the sexual exploitation of her master Dr. Flint, by using her sexuality to lure her white lover Mr. Sands, and to divert her master’s attention from her. She did believe that premarital sex was morally wrong; however her rationalization is that at least their relationship was consensual and he was unmarried. Also, since he is not her master he will not have any control over her. She expectsShow MoreRelatedThe Moral Dilemma And Hypocrisy Of Slavery Essay1907 Words   |  8 Pagesslavery.† President Lincoln’s rhetoric reflects the challenge to define freedom in America; moreover, it reflects his morality and commitment to upholding personal freedom. It justifies why he does no t ignore slavery, as well as why he did not see slaves as property, but as a group of humans who had been abusively denied freedom, and stripped of their humanity for no reason other than avarice personal gain. Slavery was coerced labor that relied heavily on intimidation, brutality, and dehumanizationRead MoreThe Emergence Of The United States As An Independent Country, And African American Literature Essay1769 Words   |  8 Pageswrote her first work â€Å"Bars Fight†, a ballad about an attack of Deerfield. The Ballad was preserved orally until it was published in 1855 in Josiah Holland’s History of western Massachusetts. Wheatley was the contemporary of Lucy Terry. She was also a slave, born in West Africa. She was sold into slavery at the age of seven and transported to North America. She was purchased by the Wheatley family of Boston, who taught her to read and write and encouraged her poetry when they saw her talent. Because ofRead MoreBibliographic Essay on Af rican American History6221 Words   |  25 PagesSmith, eds., Dictionary of Afro- American Slavery (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1988), provide informative narratives along with expansive bibliographies. General texts covering major historical events with attention to chronology include John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss, Jr., From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2000), considered a classic; along with Joe William Trotter, Jr., The African American 1 ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼ Experience (Boston: Houghton

We Had Time; We Made Fun free essay sample

I need to focus on the sounds in this hallway- amongst other noises I can hear the hum of a vending machine, the airstream from the vents, and the ding of the elevator reaching floor 8, none of which is the sound I am listening for. The coast seems clear, so I muster up all the strength in my 9 year-old biceps, and continue to grasp the cold metal with my soft and clammy hands. I am approaching the corner of the hallway as I reach my desired speed, and as I make that hard left turn past the double doorway, my body slides to the right of the over-sized wheelchair. In the heat of the moment, I forget to listen for the cautionary noises: the squeaking of those shiny white shoes. I grip the metal tight, bringing my vehicle to an abrupt stop inches away from the doctor dressed in stark white. We will write a custom essay sample on We Had Time; We Made Fun or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Whoa there! You’re gonna put both of us in a wheelchair!† He chuckled and placed his hand on my shoulder, â€Å"Your mom is back from her EKG if you want to go see her, and don’t let the janitors see those marks on the floor!† I looked down as he twisted the tip of his shoe on the beige tile, erasing the black mark my wheelchair had left. â€Å"Thanks, Dr. Cramer!† I yelled as I sped off to find my sister. At the age of 9, I learned how to make my own fun. With my mother semi-permanently in the hospital, my family spent an excessive amount of time on the cardiac floor of Brigham and Women’s hospital. My father drove my sister and me the 3 hours to Boston every Friday where we would sleep in the waiting room for the weekend. We needed to think of creative ways to entertain ourselves since we would be spending six hours a week in the cab of a pick-up truck. First came the classic license plate game, then road kill bingo, pranks on toll collectors, and in standstill traffic, we put on beanie baby productions through the back window. Free time was once again granted to my sister and me once we reached the hospital. If my mother was conscious, she and my father would likely be discussing matters that did not concern us kids, and there was a whole hospital to explore! Among our favorite activities were wheelchair races and lifting ourselves to the ceiling on the expensive mechanical patient lifts. The creativity children always seemed to prevail; with a hospital gown, hairnet, gloves, hanger, medical tape and hospital socks my sister and I constructed a â€Å"levitating patient† on the patient lift that moved with the touch of a button. Needless to say our character conjured many shrieks and giggles from the hospital staff. Growing up, I learned that it was my choice how I would spend my time, so I chose to do productive things in hopes of one day joining the Peace Corps. Rather than playing video games, I chose to start my own social activism club at school. Instead of napping after school, I chose to volunteer at the Shoreline Soup Kitchen. While my peers were partying and drinking, I was working long hours in order to pay for my volunteer trip to Ghana. Although my mom’s illness and young death was a tragedy, instead of feeling bitter or sad, I feel a responsibility to achieve my goals by being productive or just making someone smile. I choose not to idle my time away; no moment in one’s life is useless; with passion and a purpose in mind anything can be achieved.

Renaissance Essays (587 words) - Rhyme, Sonnet, The Faerie Queene

Renaissance When the Renaissance crept into the worlds social senses people were moved. However, when the Renaissance began to affect the literature of the sixteenth century, the world was changed forever. The Renaissance, meaning a re-birth, was a time of many changes. These changes wrought pandemonium among the civilized people of earth. There was a recovery and discovery of medieval texts in which scholars were deeply impressed by. Those in love with the arts and literature now had more choices to view and read. There was an outpour of those individuals attempting to create paintings that exemplified the feelings that saturated the minds of the brilliant scholars. Most importantly, however, was the huge change of the role of the church in everything. Martin Luther nailed up his 95 Thesis and thus began the Reformation of the Catholic Church. With this came a rushing tide of secularization in Europe. This, of course, blew over into literature and the arts. The Faerie Queen is one epic that included the ideals and morals that the excommunicated Christians found rather intriguing and good to follow after. One can easily compare the Red Cross Knight to a Christ figure. Other characters can be paralleled to Biblical men and women as well. It was the era of discovery. People chose to discover themselves. Identities were formed and the individual man began to take more notice of himself than any other. This was a more difficult task for the Protestants because of their commitments. However, they were surrounded by this culture, lived in it, and were comfortable in the right to think about ones self more often. In The Faerie Queen we see the hero attempt to fight off the evil thing that is plaguing a friend who has asked for his help. Here is the Christian once again the helper and sustainer of life. The Reformation had caused a sort of brave attitude to cover Europe. Another genre of writing that was popular during the Renaissance was the sonnet. Shakespeare loved his sonnets and wrote many that coincide with the ideals that were ever present in this time period. This is where the greater secularization became too obvious. The self is the main character in Shakespeares sonnets. How the self (the speaker) feels or reacts, what he dreams or wishes are shared with the audience. Time is a god. Nature is a god. During the medieval period his sonnets would have had to be changed to add some sort of religious purpose before any audience could read them. However, with remarkable split from the Church of England, new things took place. New and individual theologies were made up. Specifically, in the first two lines of one of Shakespeares sonnets, he writes When my love swears that she is made of truth,/I do believe her, though I know she lies. This sonnet continues to relish in the fact that these to liars are in love so they are perfect for each other an d they lie together. Many of his sonnets have such a secular theme in them like this one has. This author would obviously cause problems if he had been written and published three hundred years earlier. Seeing the changes when one compares this sonnet to a work like The Faerie Queen, one can tell that the Renaissance was a time where so many changes were occurring. It was a period of constant re-birth, from beginning to end. English Essays

Drugs have effected our youth

Drugs have effected our youth "Drugs have effected our youth"Drugs are a kind of treatment which used some times in pills , powder or syrup . this drugs are like any thing around us , if we use it in the right way we will see the shine side of it , but if we used it in the wrong way we will see the dark side of it . but when we use a particular kind of drugs with no limit or prescription of doctor in that time we called drugs addicted . And it may be easy fun with the first try of drugs but you will be omit into the hell of never ended travail , because in every time your body will ask for more because of the drugs costs a lot of money you will try to do any thing to get the drugs , you will try to steal, kill, sell anything you have even your dignity in the end sure you will sell you soul .Medicine Drug Pills on PlateBad friends , free time , lot of money , neglected children , fear of facing problems and escaping from it , stress , fairer in life ...etc. all this and more could cause an drugs addicted , dr ugs are so harmful on our bodies it get us into a real fatal diseases such as : {lung cancer (comes from smoking drugs cigarettes) , blood cancer (comes from taking drugs by injections ) , HIV -AIDS (comes from many ways like : it's transmitted by the usage of infected needles or unsafe sexual relationships )...etc. } .Drugs are the tragedy of this century , so we must face it and try to cross this tragedy to see the sun of our life shining again...

Coffee Growing Regions

Coffee Growing Regions Every morning, millions of people around the world enjoy a cup of coffee to get a jump start on their day. In doing so, they may not be aware of the specific locations that produced the beans used in their latte or black coffee. Top Coffee Growing and Exporting Regions of the World Generally, there are three primary coffee growing and exporting areas throughout the world and all are in the equatorial region. The specific areas are Central and South America, Africa and the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. National Geographic calls this area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn the Bean Belt as nearly all of the commercially grown coffee in the world comes out of these regions. These are the supreme growing areas because the best beans produced are those grown at high altitudes, in a moist, tropical climate, with rich soils and temperatures around 70 °F (21 °C) all of which the tropics have to offer. Similar to fine wine growing regions, however, there are variations on each of the three different coffee growing regions as well, which affects the overall flavor of the coffee. This makes each type of coffee distinct to its particular region and explains why Starbucks says, Geography is a flavor, when describing the different growing regions around the world. Central and South America Central and South America produce the most coffee out of the three growing locations, with Brazil and Colombia leading the way. Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama also play a role here. In terms of flavor, these coffees are considered mild, medium bodied, and aromatic. Colombia is the most well-known coffee producing country and is unique because of its exceptionally rugged landscape. However, this allows small family farms to produce the coffee and, as a result, it is consistently ranked well. Colombian Supremo is the highest grade. Africa and the Middle East The most famous coffees from Africa and the Middle East originate in Kenya and the Arabian Peninsula. Kenyan coffee is generally grown in the foothills of Mount Kenya and is full bodied and very fragrant, while the Arabian version tends to have a fruity flavor. Ethiopia is also a famous place for coffee in this region and is where coffee originated around 800 C.E. Even today, though, coffee is harvested there off of wild coffee trees. It mainly comes from Sidamo, Harer, or Kaffa   the three growing regions within the country. Ethiopian coffee is both full flavored and full bodied. Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is particularly popular for coffees from Indonesia and Vietnam. The Indonesian islands of Sumatra, Java, and Sulawesi are famous around the world for their rich, full-bodied coffees with earthy flavors, whereas Vietnamese coffee is known for its medium bodied light flavor. Additionally, Indonesia is known for its warehouse aged coffees that originated when farmers wanted to store the coffee and sell it at a later date for a higher profit. It has since become highly valued for its unique flavor. After being grown and harvested in each of these different locations, the coffee beans are then shipped to countries around the world where they are roasted and then distributed to consumers and cafes. Some of the top coffee importing countries are  the United States, Germany, Japan, France, and Italy. Each of the aforementioned coffee exporting areas produce  coffee that is distinctive of its climate, topography  and even its growing practices. All of them, however, grow coffees that are famous around the world for their individual tastes and millions of people enjoy them every day.

The Radicalism of Osama Bin Laden Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The Radicalism of Osama Bin Laden - Case Study Example Osama Bin Laden, a Saudi citizen, was born to a self-made Saudi construction billionaire.   His family life was somewhat unstable as evidenced in the fact that his mother was his father’s tenth wife and was divorced early in his childhood.   With three half brothers and sisters from his mother’s side and over fifteen from his father’s, it would be hard to assume that he benefited from a stable home environment. Nevertheless, while his family life may have been unstable, familial wealth afforded him countless opportunities and experiences.   These included education in the best private schools in Saudi Arabia, education in Europe and the United States as well as unlimited world travel and contact with the global economic and social elite (Jacquard, 2002). Despite these and countless other opportunities, Bin Laden exhibited a persistent tendency towards religious fanaticism and upon the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, joined the mujahedeen forces. Born in 195 7, Bin Laden’s childhood period coincided with the collapse of colonialism and the rise of Arab and Islamic nationalism. His childhood and youth, therefore, unfolded during a period of politically inspired religious and nationalistic fervor. The degree to which the stated influenced him is amply evidenced in his response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. As Gunaratna (2002) explains, bin Laden immediately responded to the United States’ call for the liberation of Afghanistan, a Muslim territory, from the atheistic communist forces headed by the Soviet Union and joined the ranks of the mujahideen. During this period he was exposed to extremist Islamic ideology and, according to Gunaratna (2002, p. 21), was afforded the opportunity to establish â€Å"close relationships with several religious authorities,† most of whom like Omar Abdel Rahman, were living in exile having The times into which Osama Bin Laden was born and the way he interacted with and responded to them determined his evolution into a terrorist. It is within the context of these times that the events of September 11th assume a type of inevitability.

Crisis Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Crisis Management - Assignment Example The assignment "Crisis Management" talks about the project management, a characteristic of a certain allure of people who may shun routine and adopt workplace styles and practices such as work-a-day lifestyles. Project managers associated production of unique outputs with many uncertainties.t’s path that defines the timeframe for implementing the projecting.Roux-Dufort suggests that crises show signs of being inevitable in projects. For this reason, project managers in organizations that participate in projects often must understand different approaches that address crises effectively. Failure to address the incidents or situations characteristic of such crises might reduce or at times raise uncertainties regarding the success of the project. These crises are the focus of this discussion. Specifically, the purpose of this discussion is to define the different characteristics of crisis management in the context of a project by comparing and contrasting risk management with cris is management. To Berg, risk management is a process that encompasses the integration of risk recognition and assessment of these risks, development of strategies to manage the risks, and the mitigation of the inherent risks by utilizing managerial resources. Hillson and Simon define risks as uncertain conditions or events that, if they occur, have either negative or positive effects on the objectives of a project. Over the decades, particular risk management practices have been designed for certain environments.

The Contributions of Immigrants to Singapore Essay Example for Free

The Contributions of Immigrants to Singapore Essay Singapore began to open itself up as a centre for entrepot trade. It began to import and export goods for different areas to different parts of the world. These immigrants also provided important support services such as workers in the dockyards, plantations, factories and some even provided daily necessities for traders all over the world. All these contributions of the immigrants helped to maintain Singapore as an attractive trading centre and kept it competitive. Without them, Singapore would not have grown so fast from a backwater island to a bustling island of trade and other commercial activities. Hence, the impact of the coming of the immigrants leading Singapore to a well-grown trading centre was the most important. However, besides the impact of growth of Singapore as a trading centre, there were other social impacts such as acts of philanthropy by rich businessmen. These businessmen from different ethnic groups saw the need to contribute to the well-being of the society and started kind acts such as building schools, hospitals and places of worship for their fellow countrymen. An example would be Tan Tock Seng. Such acts were important as they made lives of the immigrants more bearable and ensured that these immigrants were well taken care off so that they could continue to contribute to Singapore growth. All in all, the most important impact of the coming of the immigrants was the growth of Singapore as a trading centre as it is due to their hard work that Singapore could continue to grow and this would benefit everyone. As for the acts of the philanthropists, some of these acts were given to specific ethnic groups only, hence the impact is not as great as the first.

Social Movements and Their Impact on the World Essay -- Common Goals,

As society redevelops itself and progresses to keep up with the ever changing dynamics of its citizens, social movements are an outlet available to bring about change within the law. Social movement is a broad term and often can have specific goals and targets in mind, when trying to mobilize the law. "Social movements are collective actors or groups that seek a common goal or express a common identity; targets may include states, society, corporations, and/or social norms and values. May be conservative or progressive" (Hilson, 2002). We must accept that social movements may not always be seeking a goal but expressing an identity. Social movements make claims in relation to law or based on law. Social movements deliberately and proactively litigate when they bring a case with a number of different goals in mind. An example of legal mobilization through a social movement would be the assertion of women's rights in regard to abortion. Women have a right to choose whether or not they want to reproduce and through the use of social movements we have seen laws progressively change. "Legal mobilization is the ways in which collective actors such as social movements draw on and use law to achieve their goals or to express their identities" (Hilson, 2002). Women mobilized their rights by engaging in the language of law to claim their rights are being violated. Legal mobilization can be described and interpreted in many different ways depending on the situation and in which way the law is attempting to be changed. Critical legal studies and legal realism ascertain that when a certain law exists that is ineffective you must mobilize it in order to encourage change. Legal mobilization can be viewed as either progressive or regressive d... ...ons, 1-228. Gable, L. (2010). Reproductive Health As A Human Right. Case Western Reserve Law Review Vol. 60, No.4, 957-996. Hilson, C. (2002). New Social Movements: The Role of Legal Opportunity. Journal of European Public Policy Vol. 9, No. 2, 238-255. Joffe, C. (1987). Abortion and Antifeminism. Politics & Society Vol. 15, No. 2, 207-212. Outshoorn, J. (2012). Assessing the impact of women's movements. Women's Studies International Forum 35, 147-149. Rohlinger, D. (2013, March 4). Moving Forward or Standing Still? The Battle Over Abortion in the 21st Century. Retrieved from Mobilizing Ideas: http://mobilizingideas.wordpress.com/2013/03/04/moving-forward-or-standing-still-the-battle-over-abortion-in-the-21st-century/ West, R. (2009). From Choice to Reproductive Justice: De-Constitutionalizing Abortion Rights. The Yale Law Journal Vol. 118, No. 7, 1394-1432.

Do Aliens exists Essay

Many people think that aliens exist, but others do not agree. We live in a world in which everything is possible. As far as I know, according to the statistics, the public in general tend to believe that the aliens do exist. As for me I tend to consider that the aliens really exist. Let us start by considering the facts. First and foremost, almost every day we watch TV and it is absolutely normal when channels transmits the program about the Unidentified Flying Object. I think if television transmits such programs, it means that these facts are scientifically proven and then people can choose whether believe in it or not. To draw the conclusion, one can say that â€Å"something† really exist. There are a great number of facts of the UFO existence in books, the Internet and TV programs. So it’s up to everybody to decide whether to believe in it or not. I think that in future people and the aliens will even be able to cooperate with each other and make new discoveries. â€Å"Not an encounter with aliens, no. I’ve seen a UFO, about 120 miles north of Toronto, over Lake Muskoka, where I have a cottage,† he admitted. Hellyer said he and his wife had been looking at the stars when they spotted a UFO. â€Å"We watched it until our necks almost broke for about 20 minutes, and it was definitely a UFO because it could change position in the sky by three or four degrees in three or four seconds,† he said. Hellyer went on to say that when he was minister, he received plenty of â€Å"sighting reports,† though about 80 percent of them were â€Å"sights of Venus or of plasma or a dozen other things.† â€Å"But there were 15 percent or 20 percent for which there was no explanation, and they were the genuine unidentified flying objects,† he added. Hellyer said he’s hopeful someone will crack the case and share their findings with the world that aliens do exist. â€Å"There’s just so much evidence, if anybody will take time off to do a little bit of research and  study†¦There’s just a lot of information out there and it doesn’t take very long to get your hands on it.† Lots of people believe in extraterrestrial life forms, but not many can give specific details about what they look like and where they’re living. But that’s just what Paul Hellyer, the now-90-year-old former defense minister of Canada, did in his recent interview with Russia Today, claiming there are 80 different species of alien life, from places like Andromeda, Pleiades and Zeta Reticuli, and some look just like us. â€Å"The latest reports that I’ve been getting from various sources are that there are about 80 different species and some of them look just like us and they could walk down the street and you wouldn’t know if you walked past one,† said Hellyer, who served during the Cold War, who went public with his theories on extraterrestrial life in 2005, The National Post reported. â€Å"They are what we call ‘Nordic Blondes’ and also the Tall Whites who were actually working with the U.S. air force in Nevada. They’re able to get away with that; they had a couple of their ladies dressed as nuns go into Las Vegas to shop and they weren’t detected. †¦ Then there’s the Short Greys as they are called, and they are the ones you see in most of the cartoons, they have very slim arms and legs, they are very short, just a little over 5 feet, and they have a great big head and great big brown eyes. But there are different species and you have to know that they are different species and know that they all are different. If you saw the Short Greys, you’d certainly know there’s something up that you’ve never seen before, but if you saw one of the Nordic Blondes, you’d probably say, â€Å"I wonder if she’s from Denmark or somewhere.† But fear not: Hellyer said most of the aliens who have â€Å"been visiting our planet for thousands of years† are â€Å"benign and benevolent, and they do want to help us, [but] there may be one or two species which do not.† However, he does believe that these species, who have a â€Å"long history† — he said he knows of 50 reports of UFOs during the Cold War — are concerned about unconventional warfare. â€Å"Since we invented the atomic bomb and they are very concerned about that and the fact that we might use it again, and because the Cosmos is a unity and it affects not just us but other people in the Cosmos, they are very much afraid that we might be stupid enough to start using atomic weapons again, and this would be very bad for us and for them as well,† he said.

Jb Watson

J. B. Watson In 1878 John Broadus Watson was born to Emma and Pickens Watson. A poor family in Greenville, South Carolina. 1913 was the year he published his famous paper on behaviorism, which was pretty controversial. In 1919, Rosalie Rayner graduated from Vassar and came to Johns Hopkins as a grad student. She collaborated with Watson on the famous Little Albert study of conditioned emotional responses in 1920. She collaborated with him. The â€Å"Little Albert† experiment was a famous psychology experiment conducted by behaviorist John B. Watson and graduate student Rosalie Raynor. Previously, Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov had conducted experiments demonstrating the conditioning process in dogs. Watson was interested in taking Pavlov's research further to show that emotional reactions could be classically conditioned in people. The participant in the experiment was a child that Watson and Raynor called â€Å"Albert B. , but is known popularly today as Little Albert. Around the age of nine months, Watson and Raynor exposed the child to a series of stimuli including a white rat, a rabbit, a monkey, masks and burning newspapers and observed the boy's reactions. The boy initially showed no fear of any of the objects he was shown. The next time Albert was exposed the rat, Watson made a loud noise by hitting a metal pipe with a hammer. Naturally, the child began to cry after hearing the loud noise. After repeatedly pairing the white rat with the loud noise, Albert began to cry simply after seeing the rat. Watson and Raynor wrote: â€Å"The instant the rat was shown, the baby began to cry. Almost instantly he turned sharply to the left, fell over on [his] left side, raised himself on all fours and began to crawl away so rapidly that he was caught with difficulty before reaching the edge of the table Some other things he did†¦ â€Å"I was a product of schools and colleges. I knew nothing of life outside the walls of a university. † To get to understand the Consumer better, he spent the summer as a clerk at Macy's. Soon he brought his background as a student of human nature to bear on problems in the world of advertising. He did research showing that different brands of a product were indistinguishable to consumers; their buying decisions must be based on the product's image instead of on the product itself. He thus arrived at the basic tenet of modern advertising: sell the image!

The MEK lubricant and de

The MEK lubricant and de Introduction A lubricant’s de-waxing process involves removal of paraffinic hydrocarbons so as to improve the pour point of the feed stock. The pour point of oil is the lowest temperature in which oil can flow, pour or move when refrigerated or cooled without disruption under certain fixed conditions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The MEK lubricant and de-waxing method specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More De-waxing produces high yields of products of improved quality base oils. Waxes require isomerization for their conversion into lubricant base oils. De-waxing processes create pure un-branched hydrocarbon chains without either aromatic contents or unwanted hetero-atoms in gas to liquid (GTL) processes (Gary Handwerk, 2001).During the de-waxing process, the solvent is subjected to a mixture of the waxy oil. In the catalytic de-waxing mechanism, wax components are reduced in the reaction to recapture the de-waxed oil molecules. A de-waxing process involves prior solvent extraction before the process is done. Heavy gas and oil from a refinery that is usually at very high temperatures is usually the feed stream. The gas is usually at high temperatures of 95 degrees Fahrenheit. This fact allows the feedstock not to crystallize. Shock treatment can cause formation of small crystals by the wax which would block the filter cloth during filtration process hence lowing wax recovery (Speight, 2010). The solvent is usually of equal temperature with the wax stream. It is then filtered through rotary filters. The primary rotary filter separates the stream into de-waxed oil or wax solvent stream. The de-waxed oil stream undergoes heat integration and continues to solvent recovery process. The wax or oil stream proceeds to the secondary filter. Here, it is separated into mostly solvent and wax with 3wt% oil content. The oily wax is de-oiled by re-melting to release trapped oil. The final filteri ng step is the tertiary filter. It separates waxes into hard and soft ones. Soft wax is recycled and hard one is re-slurred and purified to food grade wax. De-waxing products can be categorized into two: 1. Base oil which is used to make lube oil for automotive and industrial lubricants and for production of automatic transmission fluids.2. Food grade wax which is used to produce sealants. Crayons, cosmetics, foods and candles are also produced from this wax. Lubricants’ oil de-waxing methods Lubricant manufacturers may use either catalytic or urea de-waxing or solvent waxing. During the catalytic de-waxing process, there is usually selective removal of lighter non- normal hydrocarbons and also an even removal of normal paraffin. Urea de-waxing is normally used to produce low pour points using urea.Advertising Looking for research paper on chemistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This process of de-waxing is good for recovering refrigeration and transformer oils because no refrigeration is required. It is important to include a desirable solvent because urea has no MEK properties. The viscosity of the oil has negative results in its contact between oil and urea. Difficulties are encountered during filtration, hence the addition of solvents. MSDW’s process This process uses a two-stage cascade system. It is shaped like a selective de-waxing catalyst in the second stage (Fleig, 2005). This system is highly flexible and functions with hydrogen pressures between 27 to 207 bars. The waxy oil and the hydrogen are mixed and then heated. They are then directed to the top of the de-waxing reactor. Downstream, the by-products which are basically low sulfur distillate, high-octane, naphtha and hydrogen-rich recycled gas are separated from the lube base oil (Pujado Jones, 2006). Propylene- acetone’s de-waxing process Propylene and acetone is the solvent mixture in this process. This process is adaptable to de-waxing plants that utilize propane instead of MEK (Fahim, Al-ShhafElkilani, 2009).Crystallization as a process is complex as it is usually determined by the rate of cooling of crystals. High and low cooling has an impact of the speed of the crystallization process and the quality of formed crystals. Propane is widely available as a byproduct in refineries and therefore its utilization is easier. This process leads to production of elements with low pour points, low refrigeration loads and reduced filter usages. Industrial technological research should focus on creation of catalysts that enhance the de-waxing of propylene and acetone instead of overreliance on products like propane. This fact would ensure that the performance of the solvent raw materials in this process is enhanced. MEK de-waxing method Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) is an anti-oil solvent and thus dissolves little wax at low temperatures. It is a wax precipitating agent. Toluene is an oil solve nt that dissolves the oil. At low temperatures, it maintains fluidity. A combination of major solvents is used in solvent de-waxing. MEK has become the most commonly used anti solvent in modern times but over reliance on it could lead to possible depletion of raw materials used in making it and consequent production of counterfeit products in the market. Industrial experts have advised that more research should be done to create new anti-oil solvents to complement the use of MEK. Nature of MEK de-waxing MEK has a poor solvent power and selectivity of paraffinic elements. It precipitates the wax leaving the de-waxed base oil. Studies have shown that the combination of toluene and MEK solvents in de-waxing processes causes an optimum wax precipitation of 40-75 v %. With increased MEK, the oil’s viscosity index increases but the solid point is maintained.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The MEK lubricant and de-waxing method specifically for yo u for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Process of MEK Flow diagram shows a de-waxing process The solvents used in this process are MEK and toluene which are mixed with the wax or oil stream feed. The feedstock is usually of high temperature; about 95Â °Farenheit therefore, the solvent added should have corresponding temperature. The solvent of the same temperature is again added. This fact prevents shock treatment. The mixture is then filtered through the rotary filters which separate the stream into de-waxed oil or wax solvent stream. Process variables MEK is highly preferred because of its distinct anti-oil solvent characteristic. All the other solvents have almost similar properties but MEK or toluene combination is the most commonly used one in refineries. High solvent as opposed to oil use improves the process of filtration. A high solvent facilitates faster crystal growth reducing the viscous nature of the varied streams. At 100 wt. % MEK, there is a signifi cant wax recovery. High cooling rates have been reported to form undesirable wax that is hard to filter since it blocks the filters. Surface pressure exchanger The heat exchanger is used for crystallization of the wax. The process involves the use of the mid of the heat exchanger, the heated stream flows inside as the coolant flows on the outside. Wax crystals form slowly as the stream cools (Prestoris, 2004).Advertising Looking for research paper on chemistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fact shows that there is usually poor heat conduction between the waxy feed and the coolant due to the formation of wax crystals. The surface heat exchanger contains scraper blades which are usually inconstant rotation (Gary et al, 2007). Their rotation removes clogged wax inside the pipe. This fact allows formation of more wax crystals. Figure 1 shows a surface heat exchanger Vacuum rotary filter Vacuum rotary filters are drums with a vacuum inside them covered by cloth. This fact prevents entry of the wax into the drum as the oil seeps in. This process removes any oil that might have been left in the wax. As the drum rotates, the scrapers remove the wax. It is deposited into a collection basin where it is re-slurred and re-melted with more solvent. It is used in separation of aromatic impurities and naphthalene by precipitation or dissolving of the components. Filters’ process operation In its operation; liquid is sent to tube units set below a drum. The drum cycles th rough the liquid and the vacuum pulls the solids away from the liquid into the drum pre-coat system. The liquid sucked through the filter causes the solid to stick to the outer surface of the drum. Figure 2 shows a vacuum rotary filter Maintenance and protection of the system Maintenance and protection of the system has to involve the maintenance of the various filters. The oil or the coolant filters has to be changed after every 500 hours so that they can clean away the contaminants. The oil separator has to be changed with change in oil for it to separate oil from air effectively. The drive belt has to be changed after 800 hours for effective performance. Other equipments used in this process include chillers with heat exchangers which gradually lower the temperature of the mixed stream of solvent and wax or oil to allow crystallization to take place. The others are the de-waxed oil and slack wax evaporators. Features of the vacuum rotary filters Their features include drum, val ve, drum deck, filter cloth, internal piping, agitator and the tank. These features are small in size and structure to facilitate faster operation. They are powerful and suffer low labor intensity making them easy to operate. The drum is supported by the trunnion which is set at the end of valve. It helps in formation of the vacuum cell at the bearing end. The valves are used to regulate the cycle sequence. Each portion is exposed to the vacuum, the dead zone and the blow. The valve contains adjustments blocks and fixed forms which creates the drying ratio in the filtration process. The internal piping can be single or double row piping to facilitate the channeling of the filtrates, steam and waste. The drum deck is separated into compartments waved to the vacuum or the rotating drum. The filter cloth acts as the cake tied to the drum face and it’s made from propylene or polyester. The agitator suspends the sludge material as the tank houses the drum and the agitator. Vacuum and rotary filters’ process variables The process variables in rotary filtration involve temperature, pressure, solid content and particle size and distribution (Parkas, 2003). The variables define the present status of the process. The temperature is usually maintained high with operational temperatures going as high as 2000C. High temperatures are required for distillation, evaporation and thermal breakdown. Pressure is crucial and is maintained at 6 bars with the pressure filters taking different timing like 10 minutes for cake application and 8 hours for polishing. The solid contents take about 50% or more of the weight with the particle distribution being 1 to 2 microtones. Chillers These equipments are heat exchangers which gradually lower the temperature of the mixed stream of solvent and wax or oil to allow crystallization to take place (Lum, 2011). They are specially designed to scrap out the wax deposits in the heat exchanger surface so as to have efficient heat tr ansfer. Chilling involves direct heat transfer. Evaporators The evaporator is used in recovery of the solvent from the de-waxed oil and wax. Components include the motor which rotates the evaporating flask, vapor duct that channels the sample, vacuum system that reduces pressure, water bath for heating the sample and the condenser that acts as a coolant. Solvent recovery system The solvent recovery system supplies parts and services for recycling equipment, wastewater treatment and washing of parts. The process reduces the cost of disposing solvents and waste water charges. The solvent recovery system involves the following process as shown in the diagram. Solvent used The solvent de-waxing stem involves MEK, toluene, propane benzene ,methylene chloride, ethylene dichloride, sulfur dioxide and cyclohexane.MEK is used in industries in the dissolution of wax at low temperatures. MEK toluene propane benzene butane Boiling point(0C) 79.64 110.62 -43.7 31.1 31.1 Freezing(0C) poi nt -86.69 -94.99 -09.8 5.5 -2.17 Molecular weight 72.11 92.14 44.10 78.11 58.92 Vapor pressure(Torre) 74 28.5 0.13 0 o A graphical comparison of the various solvents as per the table is as follows Feedstock From Process Typical products to unit Lube base stock Vacuum tower Treating De-waxed lubes To Hydro-treating Wax To Hydro-treating Spent agents To Treatment or recycle Table : 24.2 Hydrocarbons Compounds derived Methane Methyl chloride, chloroform, methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, freon, hydrogen for synthesis of ammonia. Ethane Ethyl chloride, ethyl bromide, acetic acid, acetaldehyde, ethylene, ethyl acetate, nitro ethane, acetic anhydride. Ethylene Ethanol, ethylene oxide, glycol, vinyl chloride, glyoxalin, polyethene, styrene, butadiene, acetic acid. Propane Propanol, propionic acid, isopropyl ether, acetone, nitro methane, nitro ethane, nitro propane. Propylene Glycerol, alkyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, acrolein, nitroglycerine, dodecyl benzene, cumin, Bakelite. Hexane Benzene, DDT, gammexane. Heptane Toluene Cycloalkanes Benzene, toluene, xylenes, adipic acid. Benzene Ethyl benzene, styrene, phenol, BHC (insecticide), adipic acid, nylon, cyclohexane, ABS detergents. Toluene Benzoic acid, TNT Benz aldehyde, saccharin, chloramine-T, benzyl chloride, benzyl chloride. A new development in lubricants’ de-waxing processes The industry is facing a lot of development with respect to technological advancement. Nowadays, there is greater use of the skill in solvent extraction. Industries are producing edible vegetable oil from oil seeds and protein units that are nutritious and economically viable. Capital investment is prioritized. The industry is making efforts in investment and money making through incorporation of various ideas in respect to this industry. The food industry also applies the PEG-NaCl system to fragment small molecules like nucleic acids and peptides. Information on DNA purifi cation is important in generating biotechnological purified genetically material. Conclusion The MEK lubricant and de-waxing method have proven to be useful industrial components (Favennec, 2001). More research should be done to improve their performance in industrial processes. The government should allocate more funds to safeguard industrialists from fraudulent people who sell counterfeit products hence reducing the marketability of the MEK lubricant. The de-waxing method has also proved to be a resourceful one and scholars should devise easier ways of understanding the solvent extraction system, heat exchanger and the functioning of the filters because it is important considering that health and ethical standards have to be adhered to. References Fahim, A.M., Al-Shhaf, A.TElkilani, A. (2009).Fundamentals of petroleum refining. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science. Favennec, J.P. (2001).Petroleum Refining, Refinery operation and management.Paris, France: Editions Technip. Flei g, F. (2005).Oil Empire: Visions of prosperity in Austrian Galicia (Harvard Historical Studies. Harvard, United Kingdom: Harvard University Press. Gary, J. et al. (2007).Petroleum refining: technology and economic. New York, USA: CRC Press. Gary, H.J., Handwerk, E.G. (2001).Petroleum Refining. New York City, USA: Routledge Taylor Francis. Lum, G. (2011).The negotiation field book. Simple strategies to help one negotiate everything. New York City, USA: McGraw-Hill companies. Parkas, S. (2003).Refining process hand book. Burlington, USA: Elsevier Science. Prestoris, A. (2004).Compositional Analysis of Naphtha and Reformats. New York, USA: CRC Press, Pujado, R.P., Jones, J.S. (2006).Handbook of petroleum. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Springer. Speight, G.J. (2010).The refinery of future. Oxford, United Kingdom: Elsevier Science.

An Explanation of Dependency Theory in Sociology

An Explanation of Dependency Theory in Sociology Dependency theory, sometimes called foreign dependency, is used to explain the failure of non-industrialized countries to develop economically despite investments made into them from industrialized nations. The central argument of this theory is that the world economic system is highly unequal in its distribution of power and resources due to factors like colonialism and neocolonialism. This places many nations in a dependent position. The dependency theory states that its not a given that developing countries will eventually become industrialized if outside forces and natures suppress them, effectively enforcing dependency on them for even the most basic fundamentals of life. Colonialism and Neocolonialism Colonialism describes the ability and power of industrialized and advanced nations to effectively rob their own colonies of valuable resources like labor or natural elements and minerals. Neocolonialism refers to the overall domination of more advanced countries over those that are less developed, including their own colonies, through economic pressure, and through oppressive political regimes. Colonialism effectively ceased to exist after World War II, but this didnt abolish dependency. Rather, neocolonialism took over, suppressing developing nations through capitalism and finance. Many developing nations became so indebted to developed nations they had no reasonable chance of escaping that debt and moving forward. An Exampleof Dependency Theory Africa received many billions of dollars in the form of loans from wealthy nations between the early 1970s and 2002. Those loans compounded interest. Although Africa has effectively paid off the initial investments into its land, it still owes billions of dollars in interest. Africa, therefore, has little or no resources to invest in itself, in its own economy or human development. Its unlikely that Africa will ever prosper unless that interest is forgiven by the more powerful nations that lent the initial money, erasing the debt. The Decline of Dependency Theory The concept of the dependency theory rose in popularity and acceptance in the mid to late 20th century as global marketing surged. Then, despite Africas troubles, other countries thrived despite the influence of foreign dependency. India and Thailand are two examples of nations that should have remained depressed under the concept of the dependency theory, but, in fact, they gained strength. Yet other countries have been depressed for centuries. Many Latin American nations have been dominated by developed nations since the 16th century with no real indication that that is about to change. The Solution A remedy for dependency theory or foreign dependency would likely require global coordination and agreement. Assuming such a prohibition could be achieved, poor, undeveloped nations would have to be banned from engaging in any sort of incoming economic exchanges with more powerful nations. In other words, they could sell their resources to developed nations because this would, in theory, bolster their economies. However, they would not be able to purchase goods from wealthier countries. As the global economy grows, the issue becomes more pressing.

Meeting challenges for sustainable business Essay

Meeting challenges for sustainable business - Essay Example The success of any business requires a vast wealth of resources such as labor, capital and land. The environment on which the business is founded critically dictates on the course the business is likely to take when it comes to success The political atmosphere in any country has a direct influence on the sustainability and flourishment of any business. A politically conducive environment is likely to attract investors from other countries and continents thus bringing a fresh perspective in the face of the country’s development. These investors play a very important role in adding something to the current resource pool of the country they are investing in. Before starting a business venture, one should critically study and scrutinize the economic status of the country. Some countries might be experiencing resource constraints and also harsh environmental conditions. Consequently, innovative solutions to these shortcomings should be put in place in order to deal with these chall enges for the business to thrive. Sustainable strategies There are several sustainable strategies that have adopted in order to improve the economic development in Nigeria and further enhance the development in 2053 and also future generations. There should be new legislations in 2053 put in place to boost the economic sustainability of the oil industry in Nigeria (Hawken, Amory, Lovins and Hunter 2010). The business targets to obtain oil booms from other nations which give impetus to the business in its efforts to become sustainable in 2053. Technological advancement in reducing the emission of gases should be put in place in order to create an eco-friendly ecosystem. Sustainable development shows a link of environmental protection with economic development. The business aims to use its innovative technology in 2053 to produce less polluting fuel alternatives thus avoiding stiff competition from other businesses therefore salvaging the market for future prospects. Production of eco -friendly oil products gives a competitive advantage thus contributing to the sustainability of the business (Roome 1998). The business plans to embark on the use of computers to immediately detect leakages of oil pipes in 2053. This avoids losses through leakages while protecting the environment. Development in infrastructure is among the business’s strategies in 2053 to ensure adequate delivery of the products (Bouyssou, Dubois, Rade and Pirlot 2010). Protection and preservation of oil reserves is encouraged for the sustainability of the business in 2053.The oil reserves in Nigeria can meet the fuel demands for Nigeria and her export market. This assures that the business venture can be feasible. Impacts of environmental limitation Oil spillage can pose serious effects to the environment and therefore hamper the business from becoming sustainable in 2053. This spillage has an effect on the ecosystem. For instance, the Nigerian mangrove trees have been destroyed by oil spill age (Carlin 1994). Aquatic life is at greater risk due to oil spillage causing death of fish leading to a reduction in their population. This affects the food chain for future generations in 2053 and loss of biodiversity. The human life is endangered when man consumes water that has been contaminated with oil. This causes death thus reducing human labor which directly impacts business sustainability in 2053. Natural gases flared during oil extraction in Nigeria release a lot of methane gas which causes climate change. Carbon dioxide produced causes global warming leading to adverse climatic patterns. Any business that

Five Goals Expected to Learn From Business in Singapore Essay - 7

Five Goals Expected to Learn From Business in Singapore - Essay Example It is planned to carry on research and form an understanding of how Singaporean culture relates to and how they do business. How Singapore do business with another country which does not agree with their beliefs? This research paper will try to analyze the Singapore Culture through the lens of Hofstede’s dimensions and evaluates the same with the American culture and to find out the main areas of issues for the business between Singapore and USA thereby offering a recommendation to fish out these differences to further enhance mutual business between these nations. (www.geert-hofstede.com/singapore.html, 2014). Singapore culture can be regarded as ‘pro-west’ in many manners and it more or less reflects the Anglo-culture. The traditional Singaporean culture encourages the work culture that is comprised of collective decision and group harmony and Western business people who visit Singapore would often face a vast variance and clearly visualize how collectivism still exists in a modern society (Wong, 2013, p.132). In this section of the research paper, more emphasis will be given to what is Singapore’s impact on the business world internationally not just local or regionally? IFC and the World Bank rate Singapore as leading and number one nation as regards to ease of doing business and places Singapore is in the second place in the international level for the strength of investor’s protection. The port of Singapore remains as the globe’s busiest seaport and remains as the second top center for containerized transhipment traffic. Singapore remains as the globe’s 4th largest center for foreign exchange activities.  

Tornadoes;From start to finish Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tornadoes;From start to finish - Research Paper Example They can wipe out an entire town in a matter of minutes. Scientists are still unclear as to the true cause of a tornado, but it usually forms when the cold polar air from Canada meets the warm tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico. Great instability is caused by the rising warm air; as a result, a giant rotating thunderstorm called a supercell is formed. Then, a squall line or narrow zone of cumulonimbus clouds appears. Lightning flashes, heavy rains, and hail begin to fall. After that, the funnel part of the tornado seems to descend from the base of the cumulonimbus clouds. But, this does not really happen. What really happens is the pressure within the cloud drops due to the increasing wind speeds. This is known as Bernoulli’s principle which states that as the speed of a moving fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases (mitchellscience.com). As the pressure drops, it causes moisture in the air to condense. This action continues down the spiral, giving the impression that the funnel is descending from the cloud base . In addition to the visible funnel, there is also a hissing sound, which turns into a loud roar when the tornado touches the ground. Once the tornado reaches the ground, it starts to gather debris around it (ORACLE.ThinkQuest.org). This changes the color of the tornado. Tornadoes appear nearly transparent until they touch the ground and pick up dust and debris or a cloud forms in the funnel. Once they are formed, the average speed of a tornado is 30 miles per hour, but this may vary from stationary to 70 miles per hour. Tornadoes have been noted to move from Southwest to Northeast. But, they have also been known to move in any direction. Tornadoes move in a path that is controlled by the route of their parent thundercloud, and they often appear to hop. This happens when the vortex is disturbed. A vortex is easily disturbed, but it can also reform. This can also happen

Assessing financial management within Tesco plc

Assessing financial management within Tesco plc 1.1 Determine how to obtain financial data and assess it validity Tesco is Britains leading retailer. We are one of the top three retailers in the world, operating over 2,711 stores globally and employing 366,000 people. Tesco operates in 11 countries outside the UK Republic of Ireland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Turkey and Poland in Europe; China, Japan, Malaysia, South Korea and Thailand in Asia. Everyday life keeps changing and the Tesco team excels at responding to those changes. Tesco has grown from a market stall, set up by Jack Cohen in1919. The name Tesco first appeared above a shop in Edgware in 1929 and since then the company has grown and developed, responding to new opportunities and pioneering many innovations. By the early 1990s we faced strong competitors and needed a new strategy. We were good at buying and selling goods but had begun to forget the customers. Sir Terry Leahy, who became Chief Executive in 1997, asked customers the simple question what are we doing wrong? . We then invested in the things that matter to customers. For example, we launched our loyalty scheme Club card and Tesco.com, our internet home shopping service. Going the extra mile for customers has been key to our growth. We want to make customers lives easier and better in any way we can. Most plcs have their Annual reports available from their own web sites .. look for Investor Pages or Corporate News etc. Others can be downloaded as PDFs from sites like FTSE, Yahoo Finance etc. It is well known that high employee satisfaction contributes significantly to high customer satisfaction, which drives intent to return, and therefore, financial results. High employee satisfaction expresses itself as enthusiasm in ones work, which directly impacts the experience of the customer. Likewise, high customer satisfaction expresses itself as enthusiasm toward a particular organization, its products or services, which directly impacts the intent to return rate. It is a short leap, then, to understand how a high intent to return rate among customers impacts financial results. But with so many variables affecting employee and customer satisfaction, how does one determine those of greatest importance, so that interventions aimed at increasing satisfaction are of maximum effectiveness? The answer is in the root cause analysis derived from employee and customer survey data, (West, S.J.DR, 2009). 1.2 Apply different types of analytical tools and techniques to a range of financial documents and formulate conclusions about performance levels and needs of stakeholders When implementing human performance improvement, most organizations hope and expect that it will have an effect on the bottom line that there will be a financial benefit that justifies the improvement effort. But human performance is a complex entity, and translating changes in performance into quantitative and financial results is often a daunting task. In the ideal, it is desirable to generate a causal chain of evidence from the intervention to the final financial impact. For instance, consider a simple performance improvement intervention such as a training program. In order for the program to affect the financial bottom line of the organization, we must first assure that the training is in an area that is relevant to the bottom line. It is, after all, possible to do training on topics that are irrelevant to financial performance. Assuming that the training is relevant, we might expect that it first needs to affect the knowledge and skills of the learners. Even if it does, it will not be translated into human performance unless the learner is motivated to use the knowledge. Even if the learner wants to use the new knowledge, there are any number of factors that can prevent them from doing so, or cause them to try under less than optimal conditions. Even if the learner performs perfectly, this performance may not affect the overall performance of the business (e.g., how efficiently departments process products). And, even if there is an effect on busi ness performance, there may not be a corresponding financial impact (depending on how relevant the business performance is to financial results). We see that in most performance improvement contexts, the causal chain from the program to final result is often a long and difficult one. The method described in this paper falls into the class of statistical estimation approaches to financial returns. It has several key advantages over other methods of estimating financial returns: It requires only a small investment of client participant time typically less than one hour to determine reasonable estimates of project-level financial benefits. It calculates boundaries on financial return estimates (i.e., lower and upper limits), rather than just a single value. It integrates financial return estimation with human performance measurement at all levels. In this approach, project costs are estimated using traditional accounting procedures. Project-level financial benefits are estimated by a client participant group using an iterative Delphi methodology. These cost and benefit estimates are proportionally distributed across performance goals and objectives and weighted by observed performance. The performance-weighted financial returns (i.e., Benefit/cost ratio and ROI) can then be presented for each performance objective, performance goal, or the whole project. There are several key assumptions in this approach: Because all financial estimation methods are fallible, it makes more sense to estimate a range of financial return values within which the true value is likely to fall. In statistical terminology, rather than doing a point estimate, it is desirable to do an interval estimate. Following common statistical practice, for each financial return estimate, the 95% confidence interval will be calculated. With this interval, the odds are 95 out of 100 that the true estimate falls within the range. All financial estimates are calculated for a fixed period of time. Typically, returns are estimated on an annual basis. However, for many performance interventions, it is reasonable to expect that the major effects will accrue over time periods longer than one year. If this is the case, it will usually be desirable to estimate the returns for multiple years. Since the costs of interventions are not likely to be distributed evenly over time, it is also necessary to estimate costs for the same time pe riods. Depending on the situation, it may be reasonable to amortize some of the first year costs over a several year period. It is actually quite simple to implement in practice, assuming you have taken the time to develop a performance hierarchy. Once a hierarchy exists, all thats needed is an estimate of total costs and benefits for the project. Total costs should be relatively easy to obtain. Before implementation, one could use the budgeted amount for the program as an estimate. After the program is implemented, one simply uses the accounted costs for the project. To estimate benefits requires the Delphi procedure described earlier. This is a relatively simple process that should be easy to accomplish in less than an hour of participant time. The bottom line here is that a good performance measurement system will enable relatively easy estimation of financial results there is little additional marginal cost to estimating financial outcomes, assuming you have a well-constructed measurement system. The Concept System approach is designed so that the performance hierarchy is correctly constructed. Adding in the estimation of financial returns is then a relatively simple and inexpensive addition that yields critical information about the financial impacts of the performance improvement project, (Trochim .M.K.W, 2009). 1.3 Conduct comparative analysis of financial data Financial analysis refers to an assessment of the viability, stability and profitability of a business, sub-business or project. It is performed by professionals who prepare reports using ratios that make use of information taken from financial statements and other reports. These reports are usually presented to top management as one of their bases in making business decisions. Based on these reports, management may: Continue or discontinue its main operation or part of its business Make or purchase certain materials in the manufacture of its product; Acquire or rent/lease certain machineries and equipment in the production of its goods; Issue stocks or negotiate for a bank loan to increase its working capital; Make decisions regarding investing or lending capital; Other decisions that allow management to make an informed selection on various alternatives in the conduct of its business. Financial analysts often assess the firms: 1. Profitability its ability to earn income and sustain growth in both short-term and long-term. A companys degree of profitability is usually based on the income statement, which reports on the companys results of operations; 2. Solvency its ability to pay its obligation to creditors and other third parties in the long-term; 3. Liquidity its ability to maintain positive cash flow, while satisfying immediate obligations; Both 2 and 3 are based on the companys balance sheet, which indicates the financial condition of a business as of a given point in time. 4. Stability- the firms ability to remain in business in the long run, without having to sustain significant losses in the conduct of its business. Assessing a companys stability requires the use of both the income statement and the balance sheet, as well as other financial and non-financial indicators. Financial analysts often compare financial ratios (of solvency, profitability, growth, etc.): Past Performance Across historical time periods for the same firm (the last 5 years for example), Future Performance Using historical figures and certain mathematical and statistical techniques, including present and future values, This extrapolation method is the main source of errors in financial analysis as past statistics can be poor predictors of future prospects. Comparative Performance Comparison between similar firms. These ratios are calculated by dividing a (group of) account balance(s), taken from the balance sheet and / or the income statement, by another, for example  : n / equity = return on equity Net income / total assets = return on assets Stock price / earnings per share = P/E-ratio Comparing financial ratios are merely one way of conducting financial analysis. Financial ratios face several theoretical challenges: They say little about the firms prospects in an absolute sense. Their insights about relative performance require a reference point from other time periods or similar firms. One ratio holds little meaning. As indicators, ratios can be logically interpreted in at least two ways. One can partially overcome this problem by combining several related ratios to paint a more comprehensive picture of the firms performance. Seasonal factors may prevent year-end values from being representative. A ratios values may be distorted as account balances change from the beginning to the end of an accounting period. Use average values for such accounts whenever possible. Financial ratios are no more objective than the accounting methods employed. Changes in accounting policies or choices can yield drastically different ratio values,( Web 1, 2009). 1.4 Review and question financial data In November 2007 the Panel identified the areas in the economy considered to be under most strain as the banking, retail, travel, commercial property and house-building industries. The Panels selection of accounts for review in 2008/09 has been biased towards these sectors as annual financial statements and half-yearly accounts have become available. These reviews are continuing and the Panel is in correspondence with a number of companies. The Financial Reporting Council (FRC) has also taken a closer look at impairment and liquidity two aspects of reporting that are of increased significance given the pressure from the restricted availability of credit and reduced expectations for growth in the economy. The FRC is reviewing the goodwill and related impairment disclosures of 30 listed companies with significant goodwill balances at 31 December 2007 and the liquidity disclosures of 30 listed companies that have announced profit warnings or rescue fund raisings in the first half of 2008. The FRC will publish brief reports on its findings later in October. In 2007/08, the Panel reviewed 300 sets of accounts (2006/07: 311) and wrote letters to 138 companies (2006/07: 135) asking for further information about areas of possible non-compliance with the accounting requirements of the Companies Act 1985 (the Act) or the Financial Services Authoritys (FSAs) Listing Rules. At the time of writing this report, all but 17 cases are concluded. On the basis of accounts reviewed to March 2008, the Panel has concluded that the current standard of corporate reporting in the UK is good. The areas of reporting that prompted most questions were those dealing with more complex accounting issues or where the exercise of judgement b y management is most critical. The Panel did not identify any systemic issues requiring immediate remedial action. The Panel does not ask questions about reports and accounts in order to test its judgement against that of management. Directors, with the assistance of their professional advisers, are best placed to apply corporate reporting requirements to the particular circumstances of their companies. The Panel asks directors for additional information or explanations when it needs to clarify the facts and circumstances attaching to specific events, transactions or conditions reflected in reports and accounts. Once these are available the Panel is better placed to consider the thought processes applied to the reporting requirements, particularly the extent to which management has relied on working assumptions that are supported by a realistic appraisal of past performance and experience and future expectations, taking account of risks and uncertainties. It is the Panels experience that reports which clearly set out the companys business model are those which are easiest to understand. The Panel continues to be pleased by the way in which directors co-operate openly and constructively with the Panel and by their willingness to volunteer undertakings to improve the quality of their future annual and halfyearly reports. Company responses to the Panels letters of enquiry continued to be well considered. Directors who answered the questions they were asked, who presented well analysed and comprehensive replies, and who involved audit committees and external auditors in the process will usually have found that the Panel was able to conclude its enquiries after minimal exchanges of correspondence. The Panel published two press notices in the year in respect of companies that had failed to comply with the requirements of the Act. These companies restated comparative amounts in their next set of annual and half-yearly financial statements. UK companies with securities traded on a regulated market have been required since 2005 to prepare their consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS. From January 2007, AIM quoted companies have also prepared their accounts in accordance with IFRS as required by the Stock Exchange. The Panels experience is that there has been good progress and that the overall quality of financial statements has improved since 2005. The areas referred to below represent those where there is room for further advances in quality, particularly in the context of the difficult current conditions in the financial markets. Disclosure points that were frequently raised with companies during the period under review are noted at the end of the section. During the year to March 2008, the Panel reviewed the accounts of 10 retail and investment banks reporting under IFRS. The Panel considered compliance with all applicable reporting standards. The Panel identified banks as a priority sector in its accounts selection for 2008/09. Reviews conducted in the current year have concentrated on disclosures of financial risks as required by IFRS 7, the results of which will be reflected in the 2009 Panel Report. Issues raised varied between banks and there was no evidence of systemic reporting weaknesses. Most of the points raised indicated a need for refinement of certain disclosures rather than significant changes in recognition or measurement policies. The Panels remit was extended during the year to cover directors reports, including the business review, for periods commencing on or after 1 April 2006; effectively 31 March 2007 year ends. The following summarised findings therefore relate only to a minority of accounts reviewed in the period to March 2008. Comments on business reviews now feature regularly in the Panels correspondence with companies. The Panels approach to the business review was set out in a press notice published in September 2007 and also in a paper made available on the FRRP website, (Web 2, 2009). 2: Be able to assess budgets based on financial data to support organizational objectives. 2.1 Identify how a budget can be produced taking into account financial constraints and achievement of targets, legal requirements and accounting conventions The modern U.S. budget process dates from the Budget and Accounting act of 1921, which required that federal agencies request their funds from Congress only through the presidents budget. This act reflected in the view that the budget is a financial plan for the government, which has become among the most common ways of characterizing it. Equally frequent is the statement that the budget is ultimately a political document or that the budget process is ultimately a political one. Perhaps because they are stated so frequently, these phrases tend to be passed over, as if their implications were obvious. On reflection, however, the combination of a comprehensive financial plan that becomes a reality with a political process driven by the structure of the US governmental system hardly seems to be a formula for rationally driven, clear and effective budget. That there are shortcomings is not so surprising. The budget is a financial plan, but it is one of extraordinary scope and detail. Modern budgetary practice recognizes three major levels which the budget addresses: Macro economic (concerning the degree to which the budget affects national savings consumption investment and output), Major sector choices or national needs Karen including considerations of both expenditure policy and tax policy), and Detailed program design and execution. Simply put, the budget attempts to cope with this dilemma: people want individual pieces of the budget to be larger but for the total to be smaller. Steps in the Evolution of the Budget Process Budget and accounting act of 1921 established a single federal budget proposed by the president to Congress Post-World War II evolution of fiscal policy incorporated the budget as a factor in determining the direction of the economy Budget and deficit control act of 1973 created a congressional budget process and provided for specific measures for the president to propose and the Congress to act on reductions in approved appropriations. Graham Rodman Hollings provided for automatic cuts in budget outlays in the event deficit targets were exceeded Budget enforcement act provided specific limits for annual appropriations and created zero sum rules for changes to an entitlement programs and revenue measures. A major purpose of Budget concepts is to create a level playing field on which advocates for using the public treasury may meet in fair and open competition. Continuing the familiar analogy, the budget process provides the rules of the game. However, the game may be played by five- year-olds, and there can be as many referees yelling from the sidelines as there are players maybe more. Five-year-olds understand cheating, which is not to be condoned, but they also understand that changing the rules of the game, redefining what constitutes winning and getting a referee to rule in your favor are all excellent substitutes. It is not a coincidence that insiders discuss budget scorekeeping as something that is malleable, (Mathiasen.D,2009). 2.2 Analyse the budget outcomes against organization objectives and identify alternatives. 1. An operating budget is a formal, written plan that aligns the operating requirements with the funding sources of an organization. An operating budget reflects the missions and specific command objectives of the organization, as well as any limitations and controls (e.g., constraining targets, available funds) imposed upon it. An operating budget provides one the means to control obligations and expenditures against approved funding levels. 2. The objective of the operating budget is to provide managers with the ability to plan, organize, staff, and control the operations to accomplish the mission for the fiscal year. 3. There are several factors that are critical to the success of an operating budget. The following is a synopsis of those factors that need to be present to create a positive effect on the process. a. Management Support. Managers at all levels must support the operating budget concept not only in the formulation stage but through the execution stage. b. Guidelines. Guidance must be issued early to allow sufficient time for logical thought processes to take place, and to allow time for establishing milestone dates, specifying targets and limitations, defining terms, formats, and cost categories. c. Periodic Review. Operating budgets must be reviewed periodically to determine that the budget is properly executed. Appropriate adjustments can be made after these reviews. d. Level of Control. The responsibility for budget preparation and execution must be assigned to the level of management that has the responsibility and authority to control costs. Managers should not delegate this responsibility to personnel who do not have the skills and knowledge needed to prepare the organizations operating budget. Budget formulation and execution responsibilities should be incorporated into each appropriate managers performance standards to ensure accountability. Operating Budgeting Process The operating budget process consists of seven phases. Following is a brief description of each phase. Phase 1. Formulation This is the initial phase of the operating budget process. Budget Officers identify policies and guidance from HQUSACE and local areas of concern. Budget Officers will also determine the workload (income and expense), identify targets and limitations (planning and design, supervision and administration, overtime, travel, training, awards, etc.), income estimating guidelines and budget milestones. Phase 2. Review and Analysis Budget Officers review the initial input from the organizations for reasonableness, accuracy, valid assumptions, and past performance. They are also responsible for ensuring rates for departmental overhead, general and administrative overhead, facility accounts and plant accounts are appropriate and reasonable. Budget Officers prepare a proposed budget, identify the impact of alternatives to the proposed budget, make recommendations, and present the proposed budget to the PBAC (Program and Budget Advisory Committee). Phase 3. PBAC Review and Consensus The PBAC will review the proposed budget and alternatives and will determine a recommended budget for submission to the Commander. The PBAC may identify unfinanced requirements, showing their dollar amounts and justifications. Significant changes will be approved by the PBAC and the Commander. Phase 4. Approval The Budget Officer submits the PBAC recommended budget and alternatives for final Command approval. The approved operating budget is made available for execution. Phase 5. Execution Managers obligate and expend funds in accordance with the approved operating budget. Phase 6. Monitoring Operating budgets should be monitored on a monthly basis. Feedback reports are available to managers for monitoring actual performance compared to budgeted amounts. The Budget Officer provides periodic execution reports and analysis to the PBAC and the Commander. As a minimum, mid-year review will be completed. Phase 7. Adjustments Significant operating budget changes identified during the monitoring stage will be summarized and presented to the PBAC and the Commander for approval, (Genetti.A.JR, 1998). 3: Be able to evaluate financial proposals for expenditure submitted by others 3.1 Identify criteria by which proposals are judged The Sustain our Nation experts will be judging proposals using the following criteria: Identifying a Need Does the proposal address one or more of the five key themes? Does the proposal identify a genuine social need without creating issues or problems? User Empathy Have the relevant target individuals and groups been fully consulted in order to identify a legitimate issue? Does the designer fully understand the lifestyle and attitudes of the end user/stakeholders? Sustainability Has the designer considered the triple bottom line: economic, social and environmental factors? Innovation Does the proposal demonstrate a breadth of innovation and creativity? Business planning Are the business/enterprise, its objectives, strategies and market credible? Does the application include viable financial forecasts? Quality of presentation Is the presentation of a professional standard with cohesive narrative and appropriate visuals? (Web 3, 2009). 3.2 Analyse the viability of a proposal for expenditure Calculation of Financial and Economic Viability    Financial and economic appraisal is an important component of any project without which it is incomplete. Increasing awareness about the use of scare resources and the returns obtainable from it makes the issue more important. Financial analysis is used to describe the commercial viability of the project and shows its strength from financial angle. The concept of economic analysis can be considered as an extension of the financial analysis. In economic analysis the concern is on the developmental effect on the society/economy as a whole as against the financial analysis that bothers the interest of the specific entity. In the present report, financial analysis has been done for each market and of each category. Assumptions In the absence of past trends and its proper records it is necessary to make certain assumptions based on the reality of situations for assessing the true viability of any project. For this master plan, following assumptions have been taken:   i) Economic Life of the Project The horizon is important for calculation of benefit and cost of a project. Generally, 20-25 years period is considered proper as economic life of the project. In present case, calculations have been made assuming the economic life of the markets as 20years ending at 2020 A.D.   ii) Growth Period Proposed proposals for market development in Chhatishgarh is very simple. In number of markets, already minimum necessary requirement of construction has been met out and only a small addition or change will take place. In other cases markets would come up in a reasonable time. Therefore, it has been assumed that three-years period will be sufficient for completion of the proposed construction to make the new market yard fully operational. The full revenue in the form of ground rent is expected to flow after a gestation period of three years only.   iii) Occupancy    While making calculations, it has been assumed that all sellers operating in the market at present will shift and occupy space in new market, as they would get better trading facilities. Therefore, 100% space occupancy along with zero leakage of revenue has been considered. Occupancy of space in godown has been estimated for three to six months only in a year since space in godown may be utilized or in demand during harvesting and peak marketing season of different commodities. iv) Income and Expenditure    The main source of income of markets is market fee, leased rent and other sources of income. The income from market fee is assumed and computed at the rate of 1.5% of the value of arrivals expected with the implicit assumption that all the markets will be regulated and there will be a market committee to supervise the market operations and collect the market fee. The growth rate, which has been used for projecting the arrivals, is used for projecting income from this source for next 20 years i.e. up to 2018. Base year value is based on the actual value of arrival for the year 1998-99.   The other main source of income is rent chargeable on buildings. Rent has been assumed at 14% of the cost of construction of trading section and non-trading sections. No change rental has been proposed. While projecting income from this source it would get generate after the gestation period of three years is over. Usually, rent can be increased @10% after every 3 years, which would be, beneficial to the markets. Other income includes fines, sale of forms etc. that has been assumed  £.20,000 per annum and has been kept constant.   Various kinds of expenditure items like establishment cost, repair and maintenance, cost of land, capital cost etc. have to be looked into before preparing cash-flow statement. Establishment cost has been assumed @30% of the market fee expected, as the present staffing plan and expenditure was not available. Repair and maintenance cost has been estimated at 1% of the total cost. A lump sum amount of  £.5000 has been kept as miscellaneous expenditure to meet any contingency. Each market committee has to contribute Marketing Board Fund out of its income. Accordingly, it has been proposed that each market will contribute 10% of its market fee to this fund and the same has been kept as one of the component of operating expenditure. Gross benefits have been worked out for 26 years by deducting total operating expenditure from total income. Net benefits are net of interest payment and depreciation. Depreciation has been estimated by the straight-line method i.e. total capital cost divided by the life of the project assumed a

Womens Ice Hockey :: Sports Essays

Womens Ice Hockey The fight for women's ice hockey players to earn respect and acceptance has been hard fought over the past one hundred years. Women have constantly been told that they can not play with men and that there sport is a second rate version of the men's game. The road of women's ice hockey has had many ups and downs but has perservered to the present day and is stronger than it has ever been. The future of women's ice hockey is bright thanks to diligence and hard work of those who kept it all going. Ironically women began playing the sport side by side with men over 100 years ago right at the sports inception. One of the oldest action pictures featuring ice hockey shows men playing with women. Part of the reason that women enjoyed early participation with men is because of the way that the public viewed the game. At the start, hockey was seen as a recreational activity. Women have been routinely barred from participating in serious and competitive sport, but if the game is viewed as merel y recreational then women are more accepted. In the 1890's this is what happened to the sport of ice hockey. Suddenly the game was more than recreation and organization entered, rules were drawn and leagues were formed. With the new structure came segregation of the sexes. As the sport progressed for the men, the women were left behind. In spite of all this, the first all female organized game was played in Barrie, Ontario in 1892. Women's ice hockey slowly limped on up until the 1920's. In the 1920's womens ice hockey began to pick up again. Amateur, college and junior level teams were formed and the women's sport became much more organized. In 1924 the Ladies Ontario Hockey Association was formed and would for years be the benchmark of women's ice hockey. Bonnie Rosenfield, a tremendous Canadien athlete who won Olympic medals in Track and Field would be the sports first true superstar. Bonnie grew up in a hockey family and became a very skilled player at a young age. She became irritated with the lack of opportunity for women and took up track were she excelled on an international level. She returned to hockey though with the formation of the LOHA. She became the leagues first star and became a role model for young women who also wanted to play the game.

Advanced technology social interactions among young adults

Over the recent years, there has been an advance in technology that has greatly changed the way people interact socially and the way they work. Technological advancement in the communication sector especially has given rise to faster and improved modes of communication.One such mode of communication is the internet or world wide web (www). The Internet is a mode of communication that interconnects different independent networks to turn the world into one big village.This has been made possible through the invention of a new type of computers that have improved speed, high data storage capacity   and are small in size as compared to the older generation computers. They are also user friendly (Daniel J. Myers (2000).Thesis statement The Internet operates through communication software that enable the users to get access to the Internet. These are programs such as Mozillafirefox, Miocrosoft |Internet Explorer, Netscapes Navigator to name but a few. We also have programs that enable th e user to access information about any subject that he/she wishes to explore.Such programs are known as search engines and good examples are www.Google.com and www.yahoo.com. Such programs provide email and internet services. To add the list are Instant Messaging or chatting, blogging, Social Networking Sites and computer games among others.Telephone lines are used to interconnect different computers to enableflow of data or information. Through the   internet, communication has become faster and more reliable and a short text message (sms) is as reliable as a telephone call (Blaise W. Liffick, Ph.D.)Telecommunication sector has also benefited from the introduction of a convenient and fast mode of communication, the mobile phone. As the name suggests, this phone is portable and it ensures one of communication wherever you go as long as the area is covered by a network.Advanced technology has interconnected the computer, mobile phone and radio communication in such a way that a use r is able to listen to the radio online or through their mobile phone.The people who have embraced this kind of change in technology are the youth and this has greatly affected the way the that they interact within society. Improved computer literacy has favored the young people in that majority of them are computer literate and can understand the computer language.The youth for example are the dominant group that will be found at social networking sites. To understand better how advanced technology has affected the life of the young adult generation, we need to explore a bit into the different methods of communication.The mobile phone is the most easily accessible gadget used in modern day communication.   Millions of people worldwide especially the young adults have embraced this mode of communication and majority own mobile phones.A mobile phone has great advantage over a fixed telephone or computer in that it is portable and helps the user take communication wherever he or she goes. Communication has become faster and cheaper through calls or short text messages and people are now closely knit together through this network.Improvements to this service have given rise to radio and email communication through the mobile phone and one can now access the internet of listen to radio through the phone. Mobile phone communication means that information goes with you wherever you are.Through the mobile phone, it has become very easy to keep contact with colleagues such as former schoolmates, parents, friends etc.Everything has its own disadvantages and the mobile phone is no exception. Wrong information can easily be relayed through this mode of communication and lawbreakers have taken advantage of this.Unruly youths have been able to organize criminal activities in a faster and more organized manner making it difficult for the law to get them. The mobile phone has been a source of breakups in relationships as people disagree on phone. Young adults are most pron e to this kind of problem.The internet also known as the web or cyberspace has turned the world into one village by interconnecting and the world can now meet together on the internet.Anyone who can be able to access the internet has access to almost everything they need. Where young people previously referred to libraries and archives for information, they can now collect materials from the internet.  The internet works through a collection of web addresses or www which enable the user to access the internet . This is done through internet service providers who make these web pages accessible to the users. Various computer programs enable the user to carry out different functions over the internet such as chatting,   teleconferencing, blogging and email.The internet has become a source of employment for millions of young people around the world as they are the people working in the fields of networking, programming etc This means that a new social group that was not there befor e is now in existent and in operation. These groups have their own way of interacting and co-existing in their working and also social emvironment.E-mail is a mode of communication on the internet that links together subscribers who have registered on the internet. It allows a subscriber to receive, read, compose and reply mail online. This mode of communication is very popular with the young people as it is a more modern method of letter writing.It beats normal postage in that the reciepent   gets the information immediately. It is cheaper that a telephone call and carrys more information than a text message. The young adults have taken advantage of its convenience to update each other on different issues, to apply for schools and jobs etc.The email makes the distance covered by normal mail shorter, is faster and more reliable. We also have webmail the difference being that with an email you have to work online but with a webmail you work offline and get connected when sending th e information.The email service is now available through the mobile phone and this has made it even cheaper and more convenient as one does not have to visit a cyber room to send or receive an email (Joan Tunstall, J. (1999).Chatting   refers to a mode of communication over the internet in which two or more people in different localities can hold a conversation or discussion online by typing information on the computer.This is a style very popular with the youth as it is same as if people were talking face to face the only difference being that you cannot hear or see each other.Chat rooms created on the web have become meeting places fro many young people and they have also been able to make new friends through this channel. This has given rise to   new kind of social group that   communicates through chat rooms (Daniel J. Myers (2000).Blogging is another type of internet communication that is popular with the young people. This form of online publishing enables the user to ad d new information onto an already existing topic.Blogging is very convenient in that a new user can use an already existing blog to add new contributions to a certain topic. Blogging is very popular with people who wish to market their products as they have a fast means of letting fellow bloggers what’s on the market.The internet provides such programs as Windows Media Player that enables the user to play digital music through the computer e.g CDs, DVDs   and also listen to FM stations. Young people are fun lovers and they are now able to watch movies, listen to music and   radio through the internet.This can be done form the comfort of you living room or even in the office when relaxing. This has affected the mode of interaction amongst the youth in that they now no longer have to visit movie houses to watch movies but can borrow from the library .Download software programs also enable the young people to play various types of games which would otherwise have been un aff ordable in the real situation.Young adults are also able to share ideas through Social Networking Sites (SNSs). Social Network Sites are internet based services that enable people to created their own personal profiles. Examples are Mysapce and Facebook.These profiles can be shared with other persons within a closed environment. Users will be able to interact within the same user group although these sites can also be viewed by non-users. Users are able to upload such items as photos, videos etc.This mode of communication is used to enhance interaction between relationships that were already existing offline. Users of this service are introduced by others already in the service and thus the reason why young people are attracted to SNSs; because their friends are already on these sites.This work to create closed user groups. Social Network Sites grow in popularity among people of a certain country, race, sex or even community. SNSs   like CyWorld and Orkut for example are very popu lar in countries such as Korea, India and Brazil. An SNS will therefore enable a certain community or group to post and share comments as well as enhance friendships.The users are able to express themselves while at the same time interacting with others within an SNS   community. This mode of communication makes interaction easier and faster by reducing distance between the users (Ramy H.N., Moppett S. A (2000).Teleconfrencing is yet another mode if internet communication that has changed the way young adults interact. This refers to holding of meetings through the internet between groups at different geographical locations. Unlike in chatting, the parties involved are able to see and hear each other.Social forums   involving young people as well as academic exchange programs are carried out through teleconferencing.   This means that ideas are exchanged and solutions to various found while avoiding traveling costs.